Ingredient or product comparison
GHK-Cu for Skin Brightening Research: Formulation Comparison
Aqueous serum 1–3% Passive diffusion 12–18% Copper oxidation within 30 days at room temperature Best for short-term controlled studies. Requires refrigeration Liposomal suspension 3–5% Lipid vesicle encapsulation 18–25% Extended to 90 days if stored at 4°C Pre
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- Aqueous serum
- 1–3%
- Passive diffusion
- 12–18%
- Copper oxidation within 30 days at room temperature
- Best for short-term controlled studies. Requires refrigeration
- Liposomal suspension
- 3–5%
- Lipid vesicle encapsulation
- 18–25%
- Extended to 90 days if stored at 4°C
- Preferred for clinical trials requiring extended treatment duration
- Anhydrous oil base
- 2–4%
- Oil-phase solubilisation
- 10–15%
- Stable 6+ months at room temperature
- Lower efficacy but suitable for long-term consumer formulations
- Microneedling delivery
- 5–10%
- Direct dermal deposition
- 25–32%
- Single-use preparation only
- Highest efficacy but requires clinical administration