Ingredient or product comparison
GHK-Cu Studied Androgenetic Alopecia Research: Concentration and Application Comparison
1–2mM GHK-Cu Aqueous solution 12–18 hairs/cm² Stratum corneum only (~20 microns) <5% (mild irritation) Minimal penetration limits efficacy; requires daily application and shows plateau effect after 8–10 weeks 2.5–5mM GHK-Cu Liposomal emulsion 24–32 hairs/cm² F
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- 1–2mM GHK-Cu
- Aqueous solution
- 12–18 hairs/cm²
- Stratum corneum only (~20 microns)
- <5% (mild irritation)
- Minimal penetration limits efficacy; requires daily application and shows plateau effect after 8–10 weeks
- 2.5–5mM GHK-Cu
- Liposomal emulsion
- 24–32 hairs/cm²
- Follicular infundibulum (~200 microns)
- 8–12% (transient redness, dryness)
- Optimal balance of efficacy and tolerability; liposomal encapsulation increases bioavailability 3–4× versus aqueous
- 5–10mM GHK-Cu
- DMSO carrier (10–15%)
- 28–38 hairs/cm²
- Dermal papilla region (~400 microns)
- 18–25% (scalp irritation, contact dermatitis)
- Maximum penetration and effect size but higher side effect burden; typically reserved for treatment-resistant cases
- 2% GHK-Cu + 0.2% caffeine + 0.1% biotin
- Liposomal triple-action
- 26–34 hairs/cm²
- Follicular infundibulum (~220 microns)
- 6–10% (mild dryness)
- Synergistic formulation shows additive effects; caffeine extends anagen duration while biotin supports keratin synthesis